How To Make Your Own Poultry Feed And Realize More Profit

With the rising cost of poultry feeds, farmers rearing chickens are increasingly finding it difficult to make profit from poultry keeping. While it is difficult for farmers to formulate feeds for hybrid chickens such as broilers and layers, they can do so for their indigenous chickens or dual-purpose breeds such as Kenbro under intensive management system. The biggest challenge on how to make one owns chicken feeds has been the formula on mixing the individual components.

This can be done using the Pearson Square method.However, this is only possible if farmers have the right quality of ingredients or raw material for formulating feeds.The Pearson Square method relies on the Digestible Crude Protein (DCP) as the basic nutritional requirement for feed. The most common ingredients used are whole maize, maize germ, cotton seed cake, soya beans, sunflower or omena (fishmeal).

Example 1: Feed for LayersAssuming that the farmer wantsto make feed for their chickens using the Pearson Square method, they have to know the crude protein content of each of the ingredients used in feed making. The farmer may use whole maize (8.23 % DCP) Soya (45 % DCP) Omena (55 % DCP) and maize bran (7 % DCP) Sunflower (35 % DCP). To make a 70 kg bag of feed for layers, a farmer would require the following ingredients:34 kg of whole maize12 kg of Soya8 kg of omena10 kg of maize bran6 kg of Lime (as a calcium source)Each category of chickens has its own requirements in terms of nutrition. For example, feed for layers should have at least 18 per cent crude protein.

If one were to formulate feed for layers, then they would have to calculate the percentage of digestible crude protein in each of the ingredients to ensure that the total crude protein content is at least 18 per cent to meet this nutritional requirement. To find out if the feed meets this standard, a farmer can do a simple calculation as follows:Whole maize = 34 kg x 8.23 ÷100 = 2.80 kgSoya bean = 12 kg x 45 ÷ 100 = 5.40 kgOmena = 8 kg x 55 ÷ 100 = 4.40 kgMaize bran = 10 kg x 7 ÷ 100 = 0.70 kgLime = 6 kg x 0 ÷ 100 = 0.00 kg(Total crude protein 13.30 kg)To get the total crude protein content of all these ingredients in a 70 kg bag, you take the total crude protein content of the combined ingredients, divide by 70 and multiply by 100 thus, (13.30÷70) x 100 = 19.0 %. This shows that the crude protein percentage in the above feed formulation is 19.0 % which is suitable for layers.

Before mixing the feed, whole maize including the other ingredients has to be broken into the right sizes through crushing or milling to make it palatable for the chickens. Add 250 g of table salt on every 70 kg bag of feed.Feed for chicken meant for meatChickens meant for meat production require feed with a higher content of DCP. From the first to the fourth week, thechicks require feed with a DCP content of between 22 to 24per cent. From the fourth to the eighth week, the chicks require feed with a protein content of 21 to 22 per cent crude protein.

To attain this requirement, farmers can formulate feed using the same method given above. To make a 70 kg bags of feed, they will need to have all the right the ingredients in the proportions given below:Whole maize = 40 kg x 8.23 ÷ 100 = 3.20 kgOmena = 12 kg x 55 ÷ 100 = 6.60 kgSoya beans = 14 kg x 45 ÷ 100 = 6.30 kgLime = 4 kg x 0 ÷ 100 = 0.00 kg(Total crude protein 16.10 kg)

To determine if a 70 kg bag of feed has adequate crude protein content for birds meant for meat production, the same methods is used: (16. 10 ÷ 70) x 100 = 23 %. The feed given in this example has a total crude protein contentof 23 % which is adequate to feed chicken in this category. In every 70 kg bag of feed, add 250g of table salt.

Ration for kienyeji chickenIndigenous chickens are less productive in terms of egg and meat increase. They may not require intensive feeding and management. For this category of chickens, farmers can constitute feeds with a DCP of between 15 - 16 %. Theycan use the following formulation to make feeds for the indigenous chickens:Whole maize = 33 kg x 8.23 ÷ 100 = 2.70 kgMaize or Wheat bra = 14 kg x 7 ÷ 100 = 0.98 kgOmena = 7 kg x 55 ÷ 100 = 3.85 kgSoya = 7 kg x 45 ÷ 100 = 3.15 kgLime = 5 kg x 0 ÷ 100 = 0.00 kg(Total crude protein 10.68 kg)Percentage of total crude Protein in the ingredients = (10.68 ÷70) x 100 = 15.25 %

For farmers rearing hybrid layers and broilers, it is advisable to buy already constituted feeds from reputable companies that sell quality feed. The main reason is that it is very difficult for farmers to constitute micronutrients such as amino-acids, trace minerals, fat and water soluble vitamins that these breeds of chicken require for proper growth.

To be sure that their feed is of the right quality, farmers cansend a sample of the constituted feeds for testing and advice to KARI Naivasha, which has modern equipment for testing feed quality. A sample costs Ksh 1,000 to test. Send samples by courier to the following address: KARI Naivasha P.O. Box 25, 20117 Naivasha, Tel. 0726 264 032. Results are ready within a day.

Some tips on how to feed chickenAn egg-laying chicken requires 130 g of feed per day (provide clean water at all times).

• 1 chick requires 2.2 kg of feed for 8 weeks (thus 100 chicks = 2.2 kg x 100=220 kg. Chicks should be allowed to feed continuously and given adequate clean water at all times). If they finish their daily rations, give them fruit and vegetables cuttings to feed on.

• 1 pullet (young chicken about to start laying) should be fed 4.5 kg of feed for two and a half months until the first egg is seen. It should then be put on layer diet. Supplementwith vegetables, edible plant leaves or fruits peelings in addition to the daily feed rations.

• All ingredients used must be of high quality and palatable. Never use rotten maize (Maozo). Chickens are very susceptible to aflatoxins poisoning.

• When using omena as an ingredient, ensure it is free of sand and seashells. Ifyou use maize germ, it should be completely dry.

• Feed should be thoroughly mixed to ensure the ingredients are uniformly distributed. It is preferable to use a drum mixer instead of a spade for mixing.

• Note that even after giving them the formulated feeds, chickens should be put on free range to scavenge for other micronutrients not provided for in the feeds.

All You Need Is A Well Formed Agribusiness Idea to Get Funding

Joseph Mungai left his hotel job in Dubai and returned to Kenya to help farmers with great agribusiness ideas achieve their dreams.

His mission started in Kirinyaga County, where he has helped several farmers groups to present documents that have attracted funding from both local and international financiers.

Mr Mungai set up Mkulima Empowerment Foundation (MeF) which links farmers with innovative ideas to non-refundable funds.

He talked to Seeds of Gold:

What were you doing before venturing into agribusiness?

I used to work Dubai as a reception manager at the Sheraton Hotel. I met many Kenyans who kept asking me what I was doing in a foreign country yet there were so many opportunities back home.

Though I was not seeing the opportunities, I came back anyway in 2007 and got a job with Plan International as a community appraisal manager. I had earlier earned a diploma in business administration from Kabete Technical Institute.

So how did you find yourself in agriculture?

Back home in Kirinyaga I could see women holding gallons of milk at 6am waiting for middlemen to come and take the milk at the price determined by the brokers. I felt sorry for the fleecing that was going on. I thought of doing something that would impact on their lives in a bigger way.

That was when I looked around, and attended workshops on accessing finance. I realised financing was one of the farmers’ biggest challenges.

I mobilised other farmers into a group which is today putting up a cooling plant under the Inoi Milk Cooling and Value Addition Project with the help of the European Union.

What is your day-to-day job?

We connect our registered members to organisations that give non-refundable capital and capacity building for free. We help farmers to have their innovative ideas funded through training.

VIABLE IDEAS

Many people have very viable ideas that can work if financed but most of the available financiers demand conditions which many people cannot afford. From banks to micro-finance institutions, loans are prohibitive and inaccessible because many people do not have collateral.

Donor organisations should have come to their aid, but writing proposals that can secure funding is the impediment. We bridge that gap.

You secured funding of more than Sh6 million. How did you do it?

I didn’t get the money as an individual. But my group was awarded Sh6.7 million by the European Union for the proposal I did last year. I was rated the best community mobiliser out of the 11,000 applicants who did proposals. Only 124 proposals were funded, eventually.

In these workshops I realised there is a lot of money out there, but many needy people don’t know how to access it. But a warning to those who might think you can do anything with the money: If you do anything other than that intended, the donors will force you to refund every coin.

You charge individuals Sh50 and Sh100 for membership. Yet that is hardly enough to sustain a business. How else do you earn a living?

Mkulima Empowerment Foundation, as the name suggests, is not exactly a business. But, we officials and members, are business people.

We are farmers. I am a dairy farmer. The membership fee payable by phone as you can see in our website is just to facilitate our operations.

Being a member qualifies you to get our funded proposal as well as training on viable activities. Once you apply for funds using by filling in the form in our website, we visit you on the ground to access your farm. We have mainly been working with groups in the dairy industry, the most successful being the Inoi Farmers Processing Plant, which was funded by the European Union to a tune of Sh6.7 million.

There is also Kifaice Women Group and several home industry projects available in our website. Now we are opening it up because the more we are the more we can do.

What would you say the government does not do in agriculture that it ought to do?

Countries that are food secure have a keen interest in private enterprises that are doing commercial farming. We do not have enough incentives from the government.

We are yet to fully encourage young people that agri-business is a rich area to earn a living. The government should mobilise young people to engage in profitable agriculture because this will create very many jobs.

Other firms that advance start-up credit facilities to funds well documented farm ideas include the KCB foundation mifugo ni mali project and the Youth Enterprise Fund. 

How to Keep Thousands of Chicken in Your Small Backyard

A few days ago I shared a story of the Most Ambitious Poultry Project by a Teenage Girl. Her's is an inspirational story of humble beginnings. Today, I came across a seasoned cage system poultry farmer with over 8000 chicken is a small farm. Here's his story.

The rows upon rows of red-to-tan birds furiously peck their marsh dishes, creating a symphony which is only disrupted, now and again, by a cacophony of clucking.

The birds occasionally tilt a small metallic knob above the feeding trough using their reddish-brown beaks and water trickles from the pipes into a small dish.  Water only trickles when the knob is touched and the birds have learnt so.

It is a hot afternoon and workers are seen collecting eggs with minimal disturbance to the hens. The floor of the cages is slightly inclined, with narrow vertical opening at the front side such that when the hens lay eggs on the floor of the cages, they roll out and only stop at a raised end.

Welcome to Reuben Chirchir’s poultry empire, which he has been building for the last three and-a-half years.

He is now uprooting a section of tea bushes at his Chebang’ang, Bomet County home to create way for a lorry that will be collecting eggs at his chicken farm gate.

“Egg production from my 8,600 chickens has doubled since I moved them from deep litter to the caging system,” Chirchir, an accountant at a government institution, says.

The birds are kept in twos inside each cube of long running cages arranged in rows. Each of the ladder-like cages holds a total of 120 chickens in lower, middle and upper storeys.

Eggs are collected after feeding in the morning and in the evening.

Chirchir and his three workers collect 128 trays that carry 30 eggs each daily, which amounts to an average of 3,500 in total, which are supplied to hotels in various destinations using a family pick-up.

Every Friday, about 800 trays are transported to Nairobi, 200 trays to Litein on Wednesdays while 350 trays are sent to Narok on Mondays.

Though the operations at the farm may now seem perfect, Chirchir says it was not always easy.

He began rearing chickens in August 2012. “As an entrepreneur, I dared to buy 2,000 chicks, despite having no experience in the industry,” Chirchir told us.

The high cost of feeds, getting committed and trained personnel are some of the challenges he has braved.

LACK EXPERTISE

“Many people lack expertise to manage large numbers of delicate chicks. I engaged an expert from Parksons Agrovet in Kericho, who gave me the basics of caring for the chicks and was very supportive in the subsequent journey,” he says.

Then his chicken fell victim to diarrhoea and loss of feathers, making them less productive. He spent a lot of money on treatment.

After an extensive reading of books and research on the internet, the beleaguered farmer learnt of the caging system which is preferred because it is hygienic, comfortable and safe to birds. It is also efficient as it is cheaper and takes a high number of birds in a little space.

Armed with a bank loan and savings, he made an initial order of 42 cages from China last October, which were delivered two months later.

“When I saw the prices, I knew it was not easy but I was passionate to adopt the system. It cost me Sh40,000 to buy and ship each cage,” says the 41-year-old farmer.

Another problem arose when the cages arrived with manuals written in Chinese, making it difficult to assemble the parts.

“We did a lot of trial and error with a local fundi but the design would not come together well. I called in different people, all in vain,” he said.

It was only when they followed the pictorials that they managed to install them.

In March this year, another 84 cages were brought in, bringing the total to 126.

He says the management of cages was much easier than the deep litter system, which he says exposes chicken to disease.

Instead of using water troughs that can be unhygienic, water is supplied by automatic pumps that only allow water to trickle down when pecked by chickens.

“I can easily account for every chicken and know which one is laying eggs so that those that have stopped laying are sold off,” he said.

High standards of hygiene are maintained at the farm. The gates are locked and visitors have to disinfect their feet before entering the poultry grounds while the houses are disinfected every month.

DEEP LITTER UNSUITABLE

Chicken are vaccinated from when they are young and therefore are free from many diseases.

According to David Rotich, an animal health technician and artificial insemination expert for Parksons Agrovet in Kericho, the deep litter system is unsuitable because it exposes birds to itchiness that de-feathers them and coccidiosis that causes diarhoea.

De-feathering, he explained, is as a result of small mites that hide in the dusty floors of the deep litter systems and feed on chicken at night.

“The chicken will scratch and end up losing feathers. But the worst is coccidiosis, where waste comes out with blood stains. It affects the feeding system of chicken and lowers the production of eggs,” Rotich said.

He said cages also reduce cannibalism and increase productivity.

Chirchir said he chose to keep Rhode Island breed because they lay eggs longer and do not grow old early.

To ensure continuity, the farm brings in 1,000 chicks every month.

“I am targeting 21,000 chickens by the end of the year. That is why I am making way for the lorry because after the increase, the eggs will no longer fit into the pick-up,” he said.

Currently, his chickens feed on 14 bags of 50kg marsh every day, with each going for Sh2,300.

An attempt by Chirchir to use mixers to prepare his own feed and cut costs proved disastrous when workers failed to produce the right ratio of feeds for the chickens which led to reduced production of eggs by 30 per cent.

They were to strictly measure various amounts of a total of 14 ingredients, among them lysine (6kgs) and lime cement (20.8 kgs) both for egg-shell hardening, bone meal (6kgs), cotton cake (3.8 kgs) maize meal (78 kgs) and wheat pollard (28.6kgs).

“With the kind of set up in cages, we don’t need a lot of staff. However, two interns from Egerton University will report to the farm next week for two months,” said Chirchir.

The cage system has helped Mr Chirchir take up more birds than would have been possible under the deep litter system.

“With my half-acre, I would have kept a maximum of 2,000 chicken. Now I have four times that in the same space.

Sophie Miyumo, a poultry scientist with a smallholder indigenous chicken improvement programme, says the cage system is economical because some cubes extend upwards, allowing more room for birds.

“It is recommended that the deep litter system takes up four to six birds per metre square whereas in caging, each cube takes up a maximum of four birds, providing floor area of 450 to 525 square centimetres per bird.  This makes it ideal for urban areas where land is scarce. “ says Sophie.

The Egerton University lecturers, however, advise that caging is more suitable for layers, and not broilers or indigenous chicken which tend to grow too big for the cubicles in the cages.

Story by Anita Chepkoech: Nation Media.

Gated Farms: New Frontier In Commercial Farming

Along the Nairobi-Mombasa highway, near Emali Town, a curious sign post arrests the eye. It reads; “Esidai Farms, 4-acre gated serviced farms,” in bold green letters against a white board.

Everyone know about gated real estate communities and the name might persuade one to think it should read; ‘Esidai Gated Homes’. The gated farm lies some 14km off the Mombasa Road in the direction of Amboseli National Park. It is 100 acres.

Peter Njagi, the manager of the project at HassConsult Real Estate is at the farm to check on the progress of electricity connection. Njagi is a professional borehole driller and says the land is sub-divided into 25 plots, each measuring four acres and was sold for Sh5 million.

Some of the owners have fenced their parcels and are waiting for electricity connection before they start tilling. There are three boreholes that can produce 500,000 litres of water daily. Each farm therefore has about 20,000 litres of water for irrigation daily.

“We have analysed the soil on each parcel and received recommendation of the suitable crops to grow,” explains Njagi, adding that he plans to grow mangoes on his land.

Herbs For Export To India

“The owner of this piece wants to specialise in Indian indigenous herbs for export,” Njagi says as he walks me from one piece to another.

“This other one is owned by three brothers,” he adds while pointing at a fenced parcel. “They will construct a farmhouse and each of them will be travelling here on a weekend as they alternate to check on their greenhouses where they will grow tomatoes and capsicum.”

So far, two farmers have expressed interest in commercial livestock keeping. One of them, according to Njagi, plans to keep dairy cows while the other rabbits and poultry.

Gated farming is a new concept billed as a response to rapid urbanisation, which has seen real estate developments kill agriculture. It will also address the worry about future access to, and affordability of, food in the cities.

Many of the owners know exactly what to grow, but none has expressed plans to settle there permanently. Says Njagi, “We will have a total of 2,700 assorted trees all around the farm. We have started planting them even as one farmer plans to establish a commercial tree nursery.”

Currently, the vast farm has one worker who takes care of security. The farmers are expected to start tilling and planting next month and will jointly contract a firm that will provide workers including a general manager, an agronomist, a plumber and security staff.

“By having a general manager, no worker would release any produce from any farm without his knowledge as well as informing security,” says Njagi. This will minimise theft. Each farmer will sell their produce independently. However, the contracted company will monitor demand for produce and help in getting the best prices in markets.

So, how did the idea of gated farms come about?

“I conceived the idea over a year ago,” says Njagi. “My friends and I owned land in different areas outside Nairobi, and each one of us wished to farm.” Born and bred in Nairobi, Njagi says he has always had a passion to have a taste of village farming life.

“After talking to my friends, who had land in Kajiado, Naivasha and Machakos, I realised we shared a similar problem. Getting power connection, drilling boreholes, making roads and high cost of labour was a big challenge.”

However, while his friends liked the idea of farming together, trust remained a big setback considering the many technicalities that surround land buying and joint management.

“That was when I approached HassConsult, who introduced the gated concept.”

The project sold out in two months, creating more demand. “We introduced the concept to potential clients during a home’s expo in Nairobi in November last year. We sold out all the 25 pieces,” he says, adding that plans are underway to put up similar farms in Kajiado, Nyahururu, Naivasha and Nanyuki, where they have identified land. Residents are happy since they will get jobs.

Cuts Costs

Stanley Karimi, a senior technical officer at Kenya Agriculture and Livestock Research Organisation, says community farming only helps to cut costs by sharing resources like water and farm workers. Farmers also learn from each other.

“A single farmer will need the same number of security guards as 25 farmers meaning it is cheaper to join hands.”

The farmers will jointly invite experts to speak to them on farming and then share the cost. But he advises that the soil samples from each farm must be tested separately for the farmers to be advised on the suitable inputs and crops.

“The fact that you are all on the same vast farm does not necessarily mean you need similar types of fertilisers because soil in some sections vary in terms of nutritional content.”

He advises the farmers to use certified, high quality seeds to prevent diseases caused by low quality seeds. Such diseases, Karimi says, would pose risks to other farms.

“Farm owners must also control soil erosion by digging trenches at the edges of their farms to prevent spread of soil-based diseases to different farms.”

Wambugu Farm – Most Ambitious Poultry Project by 18 Year Old Girl

When she opened the gate leading to a colourfully flowered drive, one could hardly believe that the young, very clean and beautiful lady was going to be our host during this farm visit. Joy Wamahiga Wambugu, who recently finished her secondary education at Precious Blood Kagwe, is indeed the most ambitious young girl our team has ever met in the field of agribusiness. As she took us round her small farm explaining critical aspects in detail, you couldn’t fail to notice a sharp focus on and a clear vision for the project. Here’s her truly inspiring story.

 “The love to watch and care for birds runs through my veins as does my blood. Since I was in high school, I always wanted to do this.” She answers when I ask what motivated her to do this project. The project started in 2014 while she was still in school.

“I really thank my mom; she oversaw the construction of the houses and the battery cage unit when I was away. She considered my ideas and I loved the results.  She even bought the chicks for me and got someone to care for them before I came home.” She explains how the project started as her supportive mother smiled and nodded in acknowledgement.

While Joy’s project is her first, she surely isn’t fumbling around. “This is where I apply the concepts I learned from Mr. Rioba, my agriculture teacher.” She says adding that apart from what she learned in class, she has been reading wide about agribusiness ventures on the internet and other journals. She acknowledged that her passion would not have been enough to help her steer the project that far without knowledge, a fact I strongly agreed with.

The project currently has slightly over 350 layers. The initial number was 400 but 4 chicks were lost in the brooding stage. The others were lost thanks to a recent sweep of Newcastle over Kahawa Sukari Estate in Nairobi where her farm is located.

The layers are kept in two poultry houses. In one, Joy uses the battery cage system where she keeps 180 layers. The cages are tilled one above the other in four rows on either side of a pyramid-like structure. Each row has 8 cages of about 45cm by 45cm each. In each of the cages, she keeps three layers or two in some. The battery cage system which is fitted with nip drinkers cost her Sh.100,000.

The rest of the layers are kept in the other house where Joy uses the deep litter system. However she says that even though the battery cage system is expensive to install, it has a lot of advantages over deep litter system. One is that the eggs collected are clean. The risk of having the eggs broken by chicken is also low since they roll to a collection space out of the cage. Feeding is also easy and the feeds do not get contaminated by chicken droppings. Cleaning is also easy and since the chicken waste drop out of the cage, the chicken are always in a clean environment.

When I asked about her profit margins, Joy’s face became a little dull. “The recent disease made them reduce their productivity. I used to collect 9 to 10 trays a day but now I collect 5; or 6 on a good day.” She said and attributed the loss to the fact that she had skipped one immunization. It’s a lesson she learned the hard way. However she said that she was lucky to have a regular customer who buys the eggs at Sh.300 per tray. A bag of layers mash, which costs her Sh.2200 takes her for two days. With that, she still makes good profit.

She plans to expand the farm to include kienyeji chicken and broilers. She actually had an open space ready for the kienyeji chicken and preparations were underway for the broilers. She hopes to move the project to a bigger land, a firm vision that is reflected in the way she has constructed her poultry houses: they are bolted together in such a way that they can easily be detached and moved.

The cage system

Joy in the deep liter house

How I Cross My Chicken For More Income

Marion Dome smiles as she watches her chicks chirp and run inside the brooder located in a pen in her quarter-acre farm in Maili Nne, 7km west of Eldoret town. Looking at the chicks, they are bigger and healthier than the normal ones.

“The chicks are bigger because they are from crossbreed chickens,” she says.

“I get different chicken breeds and cross with others. I have crossbred, for instance, the indigenous cocks with Sasso, Kari kienyeji and Bovan Black hens,” adds Marion, who keeps over 500 chickens, 200 of them which are layers.

Inside her homestead, the farmer has constructed three wooden pens. One is for layers, the other for chicks while the last one hosts over three-week-old chickens.

“I separate them for three reasons. First is to avoid cannibalism, second is to keep diseases at bay and lastly to curb inbreeding,” explains Marion, who sources for new cockerels after every six months.

She gets the cocks from fellow farmers and uses them to serve the hens. Each cock serves eight hens.

“I started doing this out of curiosity. I crossbred an indigenous cock with a Sasso hen and realised the chicks were bigger.”

The farmers who bought the chicks noticed their bigger sizes and kept on coming for more.

“I sell about 400 chicks every month which I hatch using an incubator. I collect over 100 eggs every day,” says the mother of two girls. A day-old chick goes for Sh100 and a week-old at Sh150.

With crossbreeding, according to the farmer, she ends up with birds that produce more as layers and broilers are heavier.

“Some farmers use a cock to serve hens for about two years. This is wrong because the offspring become weaker and prone to diseases.” A crossbreed chick, according to the farmer, lays eggs every day and matures faster.

Besides selective breeding, Marion follows a strict feeding regime. The farmer makes her own feeds using a mill shredder and a 500kg capacity mixer.

“I grind maize and mix with cotton and sunflower seeds and dagaa (omena) to make nutritious feeds. I travel to Mbita regularly to collect dagaa.”

The layers consume a 40kg bag of feeds every day. She advises farmers who want to keep chickens to give great attention to feeds. “People tend to give layers a lot of calcium, which hardens shells making the birds fail to hatch eggs on time.”

Dr Mary Ambula, an animal scientist at Egerton University, acknowledges that selective breeding leads to better chickens. She says that indigenous hens normally lay 40 to 50g eggs. However, those that are crossbred lay eggs weighing 50 to 57g.

“An indigenous breed produces about 200 eggs annually but when one crosses it, the crossbreed offers more than 250 eggs.” The offspring of those bred also tend to mature faster and will start laying eggs at about six months.

“Most indigenous chicks start to produce eggs at seven to eight months, the crossbreed offspring from 20 weeks they will drop eggs.”

However, there are challenges that come with crossbreeding, according to the expert.

“While the crossbreed is better, it normally tends to be less resistant to diseases like Newcastle, gumboro and sometimes coccidiosis.”

“They will sit on eggs for only five days then walk away from brooding nests, instead of the whole 21 days,” she adds.

Story by Stanley Kimuge.

How to Produce Insect Meals That Will Cut Your Poultry Feeds Costs By 50 Per Cent

All of us generate tonnes of kitchen waste each month, which sometimes we use in our vegetable gardens as manure. This is highly recommended, but you can now do more with that kitchen waste that some of us burn.

Scientists have developed a way to make nutritious poultry and fish feeds from the waste. The innovation involves putting the waste in a special plastic container that has black soldier flies that lay eggs.

“The larvae hatch from the eggs in about 100 hours. They then feed on the waste for 14 to 20 days before they later turn into pupae,” explains Dr Rene Haller, the director of Baobab Trust and one of the researchers behind the project dubbed Green Insect.

A single fly hatches between 500 and 1,200 eggs at once. A gram of the eggs produces 2.4kg of larvae with 42 per cent protein, 35 per cent fat and other minerals that include calcium, vitamins and amino acids.

It is this larvae that is fed to poultry for faster growth and to increase production.

“If you are a keen observer, indigenous chickens hunt for larvae from compost pits. This diet does not affect the quality and taste of the meat and eggs products. We are trying to fill this gap because most farmers these days keep their poultry under the intensive system.”

The container has a pipe through which the farmer harvests the larvae. “They crawl from the container through a pipe and into a bucket. There they are left to turn into inactive pupae, which is then dried and crushed into powder that is feed to the fish. The larvae, on the other hand, is directly fed to chicken.”

Dr Haller noted that trials are ongoing to establish the actual rations of larvae farmers can feed their poultry but for fish, 1.8kg of pupae produces a kilo of fish.

NO SIDE EFFECTS

“The protein from insects is natural and has no chemicals. It has no side effects.  It is also easily available and can be produced in large quantities and cheaply,” he says adding that fish fed on the larvae attains 350g in six months. “We are looking at the future where farmers will substitute oil and natural cereal feeds with sufficient proteins from insects.”

Using the larvae feeds will enable farmers to keep poultry, fish and grow a variety of vegetables.

“On the farm, the larvae can also be useful for bio-conversion of environmental wastes to be used as manure.”

Lead researcher Prof Monicah Ayieko from Jaramogi Oginga Odinga University of Science and Technology says the objective of the project is to transfer the flies to the farmers.

“The farmers will be able to rear them in large quantities without the insects escaping to the community.”

She notes that in the US and South Africa, farmers rear the insects in large quantities to develop fish feeds with high protein content.

“Once we establish a colony and the flies can be controlled at farm level, harvested, dried and be fed to fish or poultry, we will transfer the technology to farmers,” she says.

“We are working to reduce the oil content in the larvae that has lots of fat and increase protein levels to about 60 per cent. From 2.5kg of waste of vegetable materials, about 2.5kg of larvae can be harvested. But still research is ongoing to get exact numbers.”

According to Prof Ayieko, farmers will need initial investment in infrastructure that they will use to raise the flies and generate garbage.

It is expected that poultry and fish farmers will cut their costs by up to 50 per cent through the technology.

“With a higher colony, the garbage will not emit a lot of stench. Hydrogen will be reduced to make protein and make the environment clean. After the larvae eats the garbage, clean manure is generated for the farmers,” she says, adding that the system can be used for garbage management in estates.

Article by Bozo Jenje; Seeds of Gold.